Johnny Tremain Essays (403 words) - Johnny Tremain,

Johnny Tremain Johnny Tremain takes place in pre-Revolutionary Boston. Johnny Tremain is boy who is proud?too proud. His pride made him overconfident. He pretty much planned all of his life while he was young; he would be a silversmith and marry Cilla. His mother dies when he is fourteen years old. Before his mother died, he was apprenticed to a silversmith named Mr. Lapham. When his mother died, she gave him a silver cup that showed that he was a member of the Lyte family. The cup signifies that he is related to the famous merchant Lyte who was very rich. One Sunday, in order to get a silver basin for Mr. John Hancock done on time, Johnny broke the "Sabbath" and cast a silver pitcher. Dove, who is very unintelligent and jealous of Johnny gave him a cracked crucible and it spilled all over the stove top and Johnny went to get it but it burned his hand. Mr. Lapham sent out for a midwife to come and fix his hand because they didn't want to get caught working on the Sabbath by a doctor. She wrapped it up together and it crippled and stuck together which meant he couldn't work as a silversmith anymore. Johnny's master, Mr. Lapham, said that he would always have a home there. Soon Mr. Lapham was getting impatient and Johnny knew that he needed to get a job. So Johnny went out to find a job. He had a rough time finding a job because nobody wanted a so-called crippled boy who supposedly couldn't do anything. After searching and searching for a new job, he was offered a job by a boy named Rab who was about his age to deliver the Boston Observer, which was a town newspaper. Johnny became a messenger for the Sons of Liberty, a group of patriots that includes Sam Adams, Paul Revere, and John Hancock. Johnny wanted to get to Lexington, so he made himself look like a soldier and tore open his shirt and smeared mud and blood on his face and body. He successfully slipped past the soldiers and got to Lexington. When he got there, he saw Pumpkin and gave him some clothes to escape and Pumpkin gave Johnny his uniform and a gun. Johnny dressed up and got to Dr. Warren. Dr. Warren fixed his crippled hand by cutting the skin. Johnny later finds out that Rab had been killed in the war. Dr. Warren tried to save him but could not because he had been fatally wounded.

Free Essays on Appearance In Frankenstein

You’re Ugly, but We Can Still be Friends When the question of why we are such a judgmental and superficial culture comes about the answers seem to be everywhere. From day one we are unintentionally taught to label and categorize everything and everyone. It seems that human nature is to put things into groups and separate things, especially since the Greeks began to categorize and bring science into the world. Our culture has evolved into an appearance driven monster but the roots have grown stronger, when the ignorance of many has led to the enslavement of a race of people. If we continue to base our culture on appearance the downward spiral will continue and our culture will continue to regress; before we know it Arnold Schwarzenegger will be the governor of California....wait a minute. One word has been the cause of reversion and destruction of values, after years of great strides toward equality, â€Å"sex† has become a tool used by the media to get ratings and advertize. We are sold things by sexually appealing actors or models that tell us that if we â€Å"use MetRx† we can get buff, and if we â€Å"use Covergirl† we can be as pretty or strong as the people we idolize. I feel sad when I think about losing that job at Albertson’s because I wasn’t dressed in a suit. If they had possibly asked me a few questions about my qualifications they may have realized that I was more qualified to work there than 90 percent of their employees. Instead they saw that I wasn’t dressed in slacks and assumed that I couldn’t stock shelves as well as others, which is absurd, much like the idea of first impressions, and how people look. Although the characters in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein live in a different time period, their basis of ones character seems to be almost solely founded on how someone looks. Putting people into categories is not a new problem by any means because it has been rooted deep in human history. It seems as though it... Free Essays on Appearance In Frankenstein Free Essays on Appearance In Frankenstein You’re Ugly, but We Can Still be Friends When the question of why we are such a judgmental and superficial culture comes about the answers seem to be everywhere. From day one we are unintentionally taught to label and categorize everything and everyone. It seems that human nature is to put things into groups and separate things, especially since the Greeks began to categorize and bring science into the world. Our culture has evolved into an appearance driven monster but the roots have grown stronger, when the ignorance of many has led to the enslavement of a race of people. If we continue to base our culture on appearance the downward spiral will continue and our culture will continue to regress; before we know it Arnold Schwarzenegger will be the governor of California....wait a minute. One word has been the cause of reversion and destruction of values, after years of great strides toward equality, â€Å"sex† has become a tool used by the media to get ratings and advertize. We are sold things by sexually appealing actors or models that tell us that if we â€Å"use MetRx† we can get buff, and if we â€Å"use Covergirl† we can be as pretty or strong as the people we idolize. I feel sad when I think about losing that job at Albertson’s because I wasn’t dressed in a suit. If they had possibly asked me a few questions about my qualifications they may have realized that I was more qualified to work there than 90 percent of their employees. Instead they saw that I wasn’t dressed in slacks and assumed that I couldn’t stock shelves as well as others, which is absurd, much like the idea of first impressions, and how people look. Although the characters in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein live in a different time period, their basis of ones character seems to be almost solely founded on how someone looks. Putting people into categories is not a new problem by any means because it has been rooted deep in human history. It seems as though it...

Critically discuss and analyse motivation in the workplace- highlight Essay

Critically discuss and analyse motivation in the workplace- highlight the imp - Essay Example Many of us wait for weekends and holidays to enjoy. The typical work environment has become one in which many of us feel that no one appears to really care, and no acknowledgement takes place. Errors and mistakes provoke attack, derision and reprimand, while correct and even excellent performance goes seemingly unnoticed and unappreciated. Risk taking and creativity are inhibited, distrust increases, communication is suppressed, attorneys complain that staff members arent motivated, and we express our natural enthusiasm on the weekend in recreational activities, in tennis or in community service. Let us now take an example the football world series. The winning teams eluded an air of celebration and unstoppability. The players pull together despite their individual positions on the field. They seem to genuinely care about one another, and they seem able to include and resolve their personal differences. Is it possible to bring in such kind of motivation in the workplace? It is essential to create such an environment in the work place because in most of the organizations it is the team work and their performance that matters more than individual performances. Good communication is the key to success and is a motivation of team members. This means that if you are leading a large organization you must check that the processes for managing, communicating and developing people are in place and working properly (Chapman, 1995). Probably no other skill is as vital as communication skills in the world of the supervisor or manager. Effective communication is the most critical element of successful supervision and leadership.   Building relationships with the team members at all levels of the organization is the key to a supervisor or manager’s success and to both personal productivity and organizational effectiveness. When communications are good, information flows smoothly, delivering clear messages that people can easily understand and act on. When

Women Fragmented Body As A Selling Tool Research Paper

Women Fragmented Body As A Selling Tool - Research Paper Example Advertising is a form of marketing communication where the elements or ingredients of communication is used to encourage, motivate, persuade and even manipulate an audience for causing some action, that is, causing sales and ensuring continuance of the action. 1 With the increasing competition and the emergence of newer entities in the market it has become extremely important to keep oneself into the glare of the public eye, the subject of the talk, constantly improve and renovate oneself and let people know about the same. This calls for the need of brilliant use of advertising and marketing skills. Advertisement in its basic form is conveying information about the existence of a particular product in the market or its availability, different features of the product, the listed price and its benefits to attract people to it. It is communication to cause sales of the product and even services. With the market becoming over crowded with products and service providers it is increasingly becoming important to get the attention of the public and maintain the same so that they do not lose their occupancy over the market. Not only that, it also aims to gain more market share and presence and increase it sales and become the unbeatable brand. 2 Advertisement is a marketing tool and, the main purpose of advertising is to grab the attention of people who are also the potential customers. 3 The thrust area of advertisements is to affect the audiences with the messages in the advertisements so that they are pursued to buy products or avail the advertised services. So, the advertisers use a number of attractive elements in the advertisements to get an instant share of the audience’s attention which later gets translated into pursuance for the sale of the product or services. 3 The robust development of technology has resulted television in every

The Silk Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Silk Road - Essay Example Traveling and exchange of goods were at a limited and minimal level until the establishment of the Silk Roads. Silk Road is the collective term used to point the interconnected routes for transportation of goods across China and Mediterranean (Liu, 2010). The seemingly safe route established from the halted military conflicts among regions attracted merchants from different parts of the world (Liu, 2010). This focus in trade and market roads have enabled the city of Changan to receive the arrival of distinct merchandise – â€Å"Roman glass ware, India cotton textiles, spices, fragrances, gemstones, and woolen textiles of various origins† (Liu, 2010). Premium goods are those rarely found. Silk is common in China but were considered to be infrequent to nomads of the West (Liu, 2010). This is primarily the origin how the term Silk Road is coined. In addition to its perceived high value, silk is one of the items that drove trade because it is light and beauteous (Christian, 2000). Things which are exotic created a demand for them; hence, the trade was dominated by precious stones, spices and silver (Whitfield, 2004). These products were associated with glamour and thus, are deemed precious (Whitfield, 2004). Gems, stones and other jewelries conveyed luxury and very well became symbols of one’s societal status (Whitfield, 2004). Possession of such expensive items became a definition of a person’s capability and societal influence. It is men’s nature to strive to be different. Allocation of foreign goods was one of the measures for people to display grandiose peculiarity. Amidst global diversity, there still is a common ground with which every culture can be identified (Haskoz, Iyer and Seshadri, 2012). McNeill emphasized the significance of contact and communication among civilizations. He also gave focus that aside from material goods, diseases and immunity to some of it are passed onto different cultures

Use of Irony in Young Goodman Brown

Use of Irony in Young Goodman Brown In the short stories Rip Van Winkle, Young Goodman Brown and The Cask of Amontillado, the authors made use of irony which indicated mockery of something or someone in different ways. Washington Irving used so much irony in his short story Rip Van Winkle. The title character is a youthful married Dutch American who has a kind and generous nature. The main character is located in Catskill Mountains of New York way before the American Revolution. Reluctant to profitable labor, the character prefers rambles within the mountains, sitting under the shade gossiping with his buddies moreover, playing with the community children (Irving 105). Washington develops the thesis of the story by use of irony. After meandering with his gun together with Wolf, his close companion, Rip trails himself into the higher parts of the mountains. Soon afterwards, Rip stumbles upon a stranger who was moving what looked like a barrel of liquor. Consequently, with the aid of the Hollands, moreover a whole day of mountain climbing, Rip falls into a solemn, deep slumber. Nevertheless when he wakes up, Rip does not know how long he has been sleeping or where both of his friends have gone off too. He woke up twenty years later, as an aged man and strolls back to his village; he is amazed by the transformations that have occurred. After some commotion, he is joined with his grown-up daughter and her children. The irony is further noticed in Rips coldness to Dame Van Winkle. He was bossed and chided, but he was satisfied. The owner of the bar, Nicholas Vedder dominated the conversations and views of the junto symbolize the colonial governors selected by the Crown. Even as he rarely spoke, his authority was constantly present. This reflects the inactive position the governors accommodated political affairs, as well as the colonists substantial respect for them. (Irving 109) Another irony to reflect on is the ways wherein Irving anticipates lots of of Thoreaus thoughts. Long prior to the retreat to Walden Pond, Washington introduces Rip Van Winkle as a happy mortal, of idiotic, well-oiled characters, who take the humanity easy, eat brown bread or white, any that can be got without difficulty, and would rather go hungry on a penny than labor for a pound which is very ironic. Nathaniel Hawthornes story Young Goodman Brown is saturated, with irony. At the beginning of the narrative a youthful Puritan husband leaves at sunset from his youthful Puritan wife. Faith, like the wife was suitably named, pushes her own appealing head into the street, allowing the wind to play with the pink ribbons which were on her cap, whereas she called to Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne says that Faith is appropriately named, an ironic declaration since she later on in the evening, is being acknowledged into the congregation of devil-worshippers as a fresh convert to the evil cluster. The description of faith as pretty as well as her putting on pink ribbons, as a sign of cheerful outlook on life and youthful innocence is also ironic (Hawthorne 405). There is more irony in the Goodman Browns dialogue with the old man. He at first clings to his apparent purity of lineage furthermore claims that his father and grandfather had not deviated from the Puritanical lineage. The old man discovers that not only were his relatives acquainted with the abnormal path but well familiar the devil on an individual level. The irony inside this passage is seen when the devil assists Goodman Browns ancestors during the persecution of Indians and Quakers. There is definitely irony in the fact that it is the majority of the pious church people who emerge at the evil gathering inside the forest. The aged woman who bypasses Young Goodman Brown as well as the devil on the trail is recognized by Brown as the woman who taught her catechism. There is a remarkable irony to this vow because when Goodman Brown came back at dawn; he cannot look at his wife with the identical faith he had before. After Goodman Brown lastly met with the Devil, he asserts that the cause of his lateness was because Faith kept him back awhile. This proclamation has a double implication because his wife actually prevented him from being punctual for his meeting as well as his faith to God expressively delayed his gathering with the devil as well (Hawthorne 409). All through The Cask Of Amontillado, Poe uses dramatic and verbal irony to construct suspense, foreshadow the ending, and moreover add a touch of ghoulish humor. For instance the title cask meaning wine barrel is resulting from the same root statement used to structure casket, which means coffin. Accordingly, the cask symbolically represents Fortunatos casket. Secondly, Fortunatos name which is Italian implies good fortune, luck. Nevertheless, Fortunato is so unfortunate because he was heading to his death. Another element of irony is Fortunatos Costume. He dresses as a court clown. His celebratory outfit contrasts with the terrible fate that awaits him. Moreover, occasionally, the bell on top of his cone-shaped hat tinkles a nice comic feeling from Poe. Another aspect of irony is when Fortunato asks Montresor if he is a mason, signifying a member of the fraternal array of Freemasonry. It is ironic that Montresor says he is certainly a mason. Nevertheless, he is using the expression to mean a craftsman who constructs buildings using (Cecil 41). Poe also uses irony repeatedly in the dialogue. For instance, when Montresor meets Fortunato, he tells him that he is lucky they met. Later on, when Montresor pretends to be worried about Fortunatos scything cough as they go down into the tombs, he tells him that they have to go back because his health is precious. Fortunato tells him not to worry because the cough will not kill him. Montresor quickly agrees that the cough will not kill him; the audience can nearly see a devilish gleam within Montresors eyes, because he surely knew that Fortunato will die. He later opens a bottle of wine furthermore toasts Fortunato to his long life. In all the three short stories the authors used dramatic, verbal and situational irony to convey message to the audience which came out amazingly. Irony is an essential way in which authors can develop deeper stages of meaning in a text. Furthermore it also is a very efficient way of involving and engaging a reader in a text.

Shocks Essay -- essays research papers

Electroshock Therapy Electroshock therapy what is it? How does it work? What is it used for and what comes from it? This paper will answer all of these questions and will also try to prove that electroshock therapy is useful and not as bad as it appears to be. Electroshock therapy is an old process of ridding schizophrenia, and depression, and suicidal tendencies. It is used when people with major depression are taking too many anti depressant drugs, can’t take the side-effects of their medication, or they are taking too many drugs and anti-depressant drugs are too risky to take. It is also used to irradiate certain cases of schizophrenia and is being studied to treat dementia. (Mental Illness Assessment and Treatment p.78). Convulsive therapy using drugs rather than electricity was introduced in 1934 by Hungarian neuropsychiatrist Ladisles meduna , who speculated that seizures (similar to the ones occurring in epilepsy) could probably alleviate mental disorders. He based his theory on the belief that epileptic seizures prevented the symptoms of schizophrenia. Although this was a good theory, the drugs administered to the patients to induce these seizures was too risky to the patients lives. In 1937 psychiatrists started using electric shocks to induce seizures. In 1939 ECT was in wide use in the United States. In those days ECT was unrefined and resulted in many complications and was terribly abused. Today ECT is more refined, safe, and effective (Mental Illness Assessment and Treatment p.78). How does it work? Electroshock therapy or ECT involves exposing the brain to carefully controlled pulses of electric current that induce brief seizures. The reason why electroshock therapy relieves depression is still unknown. Researchers believe that Electroshock therapy alters monoamine function, as do the anti-depressant drugs. The process of inducing seizures through electroshock is not as complicated or as dangerous as people think. The patient is placed in a specially equipped r oom, where a clinical team first issues intravenous general anesthetic. After this a muscle relaxant is given to the patient. Oxygen is administered and an electric current is applied through electrodes. The patient undergoing the ECT does not feel the electric current, and the only reaction noticeable is the patients toes curling (Mental Illness Assessment and Treatment p.78). The plac... ...ublished in Rome and Venice in 1560. This volume became very popular, and was reprinted a dozen times during the next 330 years (Yoshiwara's Early Music Site). Many other volumes of his works were published during Lassus' life time. He became a very famous, respected, and wealthy composer. Lassus' work represented all of the main musical humanistic aspects of the time. He wrote many pieces which contained numerous voices. He also composed works in many languages. His work was influenced from classical civilizations. He also used bass and instruments to give his music a richer sound. Orlande de Lassus was one of the greatest humanistic composers, because of his infleunce by classical civilizations, his many famous works and volumes of his music, and the styles that he contributed to secular music. Josquin Desprez was another talented composer of secular music during the Renaissance period. Josquin was born in 1440 and died in 1521. He also started into music at a young age as a ch oir boy. He is often said to be the most influential composer on the history of western music, and is usually called by his first name. He began his career mainly as a composer of Church music. Later he

Lapu Lapu Reaction Paper Essay

II. Movie Characters/Cast Lapu Lapu Dinah Dominguez Ian Veneracion Lito Marcos III. Sypnosis Lapu-lapu was the king of Mactan , an island in visayas, Phillipines, who is know as the first native of the archipelago to have resisted Spanish colonization. HE is now regarded as the first Filipino hero. On the morning of April 27,1521 Lapu-lapu and the men of Mactan, armed with spears, and kampilan faced Spanish soldiers led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinan Magellan. In what would later be known as the Battle of Mactan, Magellan and several of his men were killed. According to Sulu oral tradition , Lapu-Lapu was a Muslim Chieftain and was also know as â€Å"Kaliph Pulaka† the People of Bangsamoro, The Islamic homeland in the Philippines islands. Consider him to be a Muslim and a member of the Tausug ethnic group. A variant of the name, as written by Carlos Calao, a 17th century chinese-Spanish poet in his poem â€Å"Que Dios Le perdone† (Spanish,† That God may Forgive Him†) is â€Å"Cali Pulacu†Ã‚  The 1898 Philippine Declaration of independence refers to Lapu-Lapu as â€Å" King Kalipulako de Maktan† in the 19th century, the reformist Mariano Ponce Used a variant name â€Å"Kalipulako†, as one of his pseudonyms. IV. Question/Answers 1. Which part of the movie do you like the most? – The part I liked the most is that when Lapu – Lapu rejected Magellan’s offer twice and waged war against the Spaniards. I liked Lapu – Lapu’s attitude because he is wise and care’s for his people at the same time he can be brutal to his enemies. 2. Will you recommend the video/ movie to your fellow AMAer? Why? – Yes, I would definitely recommend it because it is educational at the same time entertaining and this has a special part in our history considering Lapu – Lapu was our first Filipino hero.

Classical Conditioning and Answer Selected Answer Essays

Classical Conditioning and Answer Selected Answer Essays Classical Conditioning and Answer Selected Answer Essay Classical Conditioning and Answer Selected Answer Essay Essay Topic: Classical Flashbulb memories are Answer Selected Answer: vivid recall for earlier events associated with extreme emotions Correct Answer: all of the above Question 3 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points B. F. Skinner is associated with positive reinforcement, shaping, and cumulative records. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 4 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Organic amnesia is when memory fades with the passage of time. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 5 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Children have difficulty learning the letters in the middle of the alphabet because of the Answer Selected Answer: serial-position effect Correct Answer: serial-position effect Question 6 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Research evidence tends to show that exposure to media violence Answer Selected Answer: increases the odds that the viewer will behave aggressively Correct Answer: increases the odds that the viewer will behave aggressively Question 7 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The phenomena known as conditioned taste aversion is also called. Answer Selected Answer: the Garcia effect Correct Answer: the Garcia effect Question 8 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Pavlov studied learning that involved the association of two stimuli Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 9 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Learning is a relativley enduring change in potential behavior that results from experience. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 10 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Mnemonic devices are memory systems to improve meaningful organization of material. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 11 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Bandura believed that animals could develop cognitive maps of their environment. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 12 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points A pathological gambler is reinforced by __________, which also keeps her addicted to gambling. Answer Selected Answer: partial reinforcement Correct Answer: partial reinforcement Question 13 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points If a worker gets paid every Friday for completing her 40-hour work week, she is being paid on a __________ schedule. Answer Selected Answer: fixed-interval Correct Answer: fixed-interval Question 14 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points A number of studies by Elizabeth Loftus have yielded valuable information concerning Answer Selected Answer: he accuracy of eyewitness memory Correct Answer: the accuracy of eyewitness memory Question 15 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points One of the major findings of ________________ research is that children tend to behave in a manner similar to their parents, both during their childhood and later on in life. Answer Selected Answer: observational learning Correct Answer: observational learning Question 16 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points False memories are memories that are unavailable to conscious awareness. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 17 2. 5 out of 2. points The meat placed in a dogs mouth by Pavlov is referrd to as the Answer Selected Answer: unconditioned stimulus Correct Answer: unconditioned stimulus Question 18 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The learning process by which a connection is made between two events AnswerSelected Answer: associative learning Correct Answer: associative learning Question 19 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The tendency to change details of an event to fit our own preconception is consistent with the concept of Answer Selected Answer: schemas Correct Answer: schemas Question 20 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Memory deficits resulting from some form of brain damage Answer Selected Answer: organic amnesia Correct Answer: organic amnesia Question 21 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Over fifty years ago, Tolman demonstrated that rats will learn a maze even when they are not reinforced. Tolman called this phenomenon Answer Selected Answer: latent learning Correct Answer: latent learning Question 22 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The Law of Effect was proposed by Answer Selected Answer: E. L. Thorndike Correct Answer: E. L. Thorndike Question 23 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points When you read text material you should Answer Selected Answer: engage in active rehearsal by retrieving what you have just read Correct Answer: engage in active rehearsal by retrieving what you have just read Question 24 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Tolman emphasized learning through observation and imitation. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Question 25 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Procedural memory contains memories for how-to-perform skills. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Question 26 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Pavlovs dogs were taught to salivate to the sound of a bell. The bell was a/an Answer Selected Answer: conditioned stimulus Correct Answer: conditioned stimulus Question 27 0 out of 2. 5 points The condition in which sensations from one modality cause perceptions in another is called kinesthesis. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Question 28 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Suppose you are taking French in college and are having a hard time because you keep thinking of the Spanish words that you learned in high school. This is explained by Answer Selected Answer: proactive interference Correct Answer: proactive interference Question 29 0 out of 2. 5 points If a child covers his or her ears when seeing fireworks going off before the sound of the fireworks, covering the ears would be a/an Answer Selected Answer: unconditioned response Correct Answer: conditioned response Question 30 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points A rat learns to press a bar to avoid an electric shock during _________ conditioning. Answer Selected Answer: avoidance Correct Answer: avoidance Question 31 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The learning process by which one stimulus becomes a signal associated with another stimulus Answer Selected Answer: Pavlovian conditioning Correct Answer: Pavlovian conditioning Question 32 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The psychologist most readily associated with operant conditioning is AnswerSelected Answer: B. F. Skinner Correct Answer: B. F. Skinner Question 33 0 out of 2. 5 points After extinction had occurred in Pavlovs dogs, the bell could cause salivation when presented again at a later time. This phenomenon is called Answer Selected Answer: a conditioned response Correct Answer: spontaneous recovery Question 34 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The learning process by which behavior is influenced by its consequences Answer Selected Answer: operant conditioning Correct Answer: operant conditioning Question 35 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Later learning will disrupt the recall of earlier learned material because of __________ interference. Answer Selected Answer: retroactive Correct Answer: retroactive Question 36 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Planted or false memories Answer Selected Answer: are easily passed from person to person Correct Answer: are easily passed from person to person Question 37 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Occurs when earlier learning disrupts memory for later learning Answer Selected Answer: proactive interference Correct Answer: proactive interference Question 38 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The tendency for a new stimulus to elicit the same response as the original CS Answer Selected Answer: generalization Correct Answer: generalization Question 39 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Recall of the specific facts, such as those you may have learned in your psychology class, is made possible by your _________ memory. Answer Selected Answer: declarative Correct Answer: declarative Question 40 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Process of perceiving a stimulus and establishing associations between the stimulus and other information Answer Selected Answer: encode Correct Answer: encode Thursday, October 11, 2012 6:57:57 PM EDT

Ethics of Bottled Water

Ethics of Bottled Water Introduction The manufacture of bottled water began in Europe in the 1970s. This was because tap water was considered unsafe after the industrial revolution. Its market grew rapidly in the1990s when it became a business venture.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers and advertisers promoted it as a symbol of status. Celebrities were seen drinking bottled water during their interviews, concerts, and shows, hence, this further increased its prestige. Moreover, it was used to demonstrate a healthy image. Marketers targeted young people in the gym and sports facilities. Over the years, its consumption has increased making it a household good. It is the fastest selling non- alcoholic beverage according to Doria ( 2006). Different brands have emerged, making its market segment extremely competitive. Similarly, many multinational companies have been created. They extract water from aquifers and springs, package and sell at a competitive price. Some of the leading bottlers include; Fiji Water, Evian, Aquafina, and Dasani among others. The ethics of supplying bottled water have been debated for a long time. Perhaps, this is because water, as a public good has been converted into a private good. Various researchers on the topic, have outlined critical issues facing bottled water. Brei and Bohm (2011) indicate that some communities in the world have no reliable water supply, thus, the consumption of bottled water seems socially unjust. Besides, processing and transporting of bottled water consumes a lot of energy.Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This energy can be used wisely in other fields of development. Also, crude Oil, a health hazard, is used to make the containers used to transport water, hence; this poses a serious health and environmental issue. In addition, the composition of bottled water has been questioned. According to Brooks et al (2009), a brand of the coca-cola company was accused of containing high levels of bromate (2009). Consequently, it was labeled ‘cancer water’ because bromate enhances cancer. Disposing bottled water containers in a sound way poses a challenge. Consumers dispose water containers carelessly. These containers can be found in social areas and other open spaces. On the other hand, bottled water is convenient. It is easy to carry around, and it can be found in almost all the stores. This paper focuses on the ethics of bottled water by evaluating its effect on water supply and the environment. Furthermore, it examines the ethical effects transforming a public-sector good into a private-sector good. Public good Water is a public good. This means that it is nonexclusive. The rivers and lakes are national goods while the municipal water systems are communal-public goods. Private supply of such a good is costly because beneficiaries will have to be excluded from enjoying the good. Excluding individuals requires bottlers to process and package it.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process consumes energy in a world where energy is limited. The bottled water culture has caused increased spending on a commodity that should be provided freely. In the past, utility companies and public agencies controlled the market, presently; multinational corporations have privatized water systems for their own benefits. Bottlers are purchasing rights to groundwater distribution channels (Brei and Bohm, 2011). This action makes water, a basic human right into a private commodity. The public is denied access to clean and safe water. Bottled water shifts the attention of the public from the public systems and municipal treatment pla nts. As a result, the community fails to provide accountability on water issues. In the end, the municipality will have little incentive to improve water infrastructure because they lack support. Consequently, the problem of bottled water will increase because consumers will lose faith in tap water. This problem is made worse when the majority can afford bottled water. In the event that the quality of municipal water decreases, the minority are prone suffer. Cost of Bottled Water Bottled water is expensive to produce. Gleick and Cooley in their article â€Å"Energy Implications of Bottled Water† claim that it requires 2000 times more energy compared to tap water (2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Water bottles are made from a thermoplastic polymer. The material used contains energy, and more energy is used to transform the material into bottles (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Bottled water requires energy to run the machinery and equipments used for processing and packaging. The primary source of bottled water is municipal water or groundwater. Municipal water can either be bottled without further treatment or bottled after further treatment. Further purification of water requires energy (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Besides this, energy is required to transport bottled water and refrigerate it before it is sold. This further depletes the limited fossil fuel available globally. For example, Fiji water supplies millions of bottled water to the United States daily. The cost of transport is reflected in the final cost. According to Gleick and Cooley, production of water bottles consumes over 50 million barrels of oil in a year. This oil is enough to supply the needs of the United State s for almost three days. Apart from the cost of energy, bottled water hinders development, thereby costing the community. In some regions, individuals work in water companies to produce water for other countries. However, in their homes, the water they consume is not clean. For example, Fiji supplies over a million bottles of water to the United States daily. Nevertheless, most people in the Fiji struggle to obtain clean water. Environmental Effects of Bottled Water Bottled water disposal has presented a crucial waste management problem. Thousands of plastic bottles are carelessly disposed by consumers every day. Out of these, a small percentage is recycled while the rest is disposed in landfills. To make it worse, some of these containers end up in rivers, lakes and other water bodies. Water bottles do not attract the deposit for recycling offered to soda and beer bottles (Brooks et al., 2009). Disposal of plastic bottles pollutes the soil because the chemical composition of plasti c takes years to decompose. If these bottles are burnt, the chemicals released into the air cause pollution. Similarly, when exposed to high temperatures, these containers release harmful substances. When these chemicals are released into the ecosystem, they cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments to human beings. Consequently, the chemicals released such as dioxin, contribute to acid rain and global warming. Convenience of Bottled Water Although bottled water poses waste management challenges, it is exceptionally convenient. Distributors view that transporting small bottles are convenient, as opposed to bulk containers. In addition, consumers consider it pure compared to tap water. Tap water may be pure at the water plants, but after passing through distribution pipes, the water becomes contaminated. Besides, tap water is associated with bad taste and odor (Doria, 2006). Doria in his article â€Å"Bottled Water Versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferenc es† asserts that consumers prefer bottled water because of its ‘organoleptic’ characteristics (2006). Consumers also consider the fact that if contamination is discovered; the bottler will act more efficiently than the government in neutralizing the problem. Purity and contamination are not the only convenient facts about bottled water. Doria (2006) notes bottled water saves time and energy. Buying water indicates that consumers have less time to fill their own containers (Brei and Bohm, 2011). The availability of bottled water allows consumers to buy water when they need it. It saves them from carrying a container of water everywhere. Moreover, the consumer can dispose the container after consuming the water. Solutions to Bottled Water Problems The cost of bottled water, by a larger degree outweighs its benefits making it a problem. Bottlers and producers of bottled water do not consider the cost of disposing the containers. This means that the taxpayer has to co ver these costs (Brei and Bohm, 2011). One solution to this problem is to order the bottlers to pay for the cost of disposal. Given that pollution taxes will reflect on the consumer price, the price of bottled water will increase while the demand decrease. With less people buying bottled water, the environmental effect will reduce. Secondly, water containers can be washed and re-used again to ease pollution. Thirdly, bottlers can use local facilities for production instead of transporting water from far- away locations. This will reduce the price of bottled water and the amount of energy used for transportation. As a public good, government and local institutions can deal with bottled water by defining limits between what is viewed as public or private. This means that companies will no longer have to extract water from springs or aquifers and sell. In addition, the government should set sanctions for companies which violate these rules (Brei and Bohm, 2011). For this to work, the g overnment needs the cooperation and participation of the public. However, rather than trying to reduce the problem of bottled water, public water should be made clean. The government and policy makers should replace old pipes and modernize public water plants. This will ensure consumers drink clean, affordable water. If tap water is safe, then bottled water will only be a luxury. Conclusion Bottled water may be cheap and convenient, but in the long run, it has a high environmental cost. Its consumption of energy is 2000 times that of tap water. Moreover, its disposal causes water, soil, and water pollution. Plastic containers end up in landfills where the bottles take up space, since the material used for their production is not biodegradable. However, despite its energy and environmental implications, bottled water is seen as socially unethical. This is because bottled water turns a public good into a private commodity. As a social good, water should be available to everyone instea d of being sold at high prices. The other reason that makes bottled water unethical is when it is sold to communities who lack a dependable source of water. For example, some communities in Africa face famine yet water are sold in other regions of the same country. In my opinion, it is wrong to sell water while people are drying. It is also unethical to sell water because it is a human right and not a good sold to individuals who have the money to buy it. The assumption that bottled water is purer is not necessarily true. According to Doria (2006), this assumption should not be generalized because it depends on salient cases. For this reason, tap water is socially, environmentally and morally ethical as opposed to bottled water. References List Brei, V., Bohm, S. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as cultural meaning management: A Critique of the Marketing of ethical Bottled Water. Business Ethics: A European Review, 20 (3), 233-252. Doi: 10.1111/j. 1467-8608.2011.01626. x Bro oks, B. W., Cox, S. M., Anderson, S. (2009). Cancer Water. Journal of Critical Incidents, 230-37. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/?interaction_required=true Doria, M. (2006). Bottled Water versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferences. Journal of Water and Health, 271-276. Retrieved from https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/4/2/271/1581/Bottled-water-versus-tap-water-understanding?searchresult=1 Gleick, P. Cooley, H. (2009). Energy Implications of Bottled Water. Environmental Research Letter, (8). doi :10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Change Management - Essay Example Learning in an organization can be done using two approaches: Firstly, learning with regard to individuals within the organization. Here, efforts are directed towards increasing the employee’s capacity in terms of skill acquisition, knowledge and experiences to perform their individual tasks and responsibilities. Secondly, by creating a learning organization in which the collective state of the organization is continuously improved to achieve optimal objectives. The need for creating a learning organization arises from the fact that it is imperative not only for the firm to set its objectives and visions but that the whole membership of the organization should act in unison as opposed to individual brilliance (O Keeffe, 2002). The following discussion identifies the principles of learning followed by a subsequent analysis of the merits and demerits of introducing learning to an already established organization. In the first approach, the objective is to introduce transformative learning; one that surpasses the mere acquisition of knowledge and skills to one that provides the individual with the ability to think rationally for themselves, creating a high level in the ability of the person to emancipate themselves from â€Å"mob thinking† and as such think independently and consciously about any prevailing scenario. There are several tenets or principles of learning. A summary discussion on some of these principles is as follows: All human beings are born with an inherent ability to increase their capacity. They have the potential to think, do and feel. Acting by doing refers to the ability to interact with the external world while acting by thinking is the ability to engage one’s processes in the mind and soul. The potential to feel refers to one’s ability to interact and connect with other people, places and events. This forms the first and most important principle of learning. Secondly, human being

Describe and discuss see directions below Research Paper

Describe and discuss see directions below - Research Paper Example This privilege against Self-Incrimination can be implied for Federal Crimes. Witnesses however, do not receive any immunity from testaments; especially, those witnesses who are not defendants nor are likely to be. Witnesses cannot refuse to testify under any circumstances and it may lead to imprisonment on the crime of hiding the truth if they happen to do so. Some cases have also led to prosecution if the witness fails to testify. This was the case where the Supreme Court of United States used a defendant’s Fifth Amendment Right, which was against Self-Incrimination. Malloy who was the petitioner was sentenced to jail for a year for gambling. However, after three months, he was put on probation for two years and released from jail. On probation, he was made to testify for inquiry of the State into gambling and other unlawful activities and when he refused to do so, he was put back in jail to the time he testified. In his essay, ‘Are the courts in a trance?’ David Webert speaks of the history of Hypnosis as used by the authorities to empower themselves of the truth. Webert’s (2003) essay circulated around the admissibility of such a technique for procuring the truth, as well as the legality of such a method. Certainly, he views it as a violation of the Fifth Amendment Right since it is after all against the will of the human consciousness that such information is being procured. One can imagine under utmost duress when such a technique is used, however, it is a disaster to think of using such a technique as a regular practice by the authorities to procure information from criminals. Hypnosis is known to enhance memory that leads to better recollection of events, but the credibility of this method is still under question. More so, hypnosis can have its own set of perceivable dangers. There have been various viewpoints that have been presented for and against this stand. But as far as perceivable